fig1

Figure 1. Principal component analysis (PCA), heatmap, and GSEA of fetal HSPC transcriptome. (A) PCA plot of log2-transformed FPKM gene expression from fetal HSPCs. Samples from maternal control diet (mCD, blue) and maternal Western-style diet (mWSD, red) groups form distinct clusters, primarily separated along PC1 (30% variance); (B) Heatmap of top 30 DEGs in fetal HSPCs. The heatmap displays the row-scaled log2-transformed expression values of the top 30 differentially expressed genes. The consistent pattern of gene expression correctly clusters the samples by group and concludes that maternal diet induces a targeted and robust reprogramming of fetal HSPC transcriptome; (C) GSEA enrichment plot for ribosome pathway. The plot shows significant downregulation of the KEGG "Ribosome" pathway in mWSD-exposed fetal HSPCs, indicating that maternal Western-style diet suppresses fundamental protein synthesis machinery in fetal progenitor cells, representing a key mechanism of adverse developmental programming.