fig9

Figure 9. Sensitivity of future manufacturing-related carbon emissions to a 10% upward perturbation in non-grid emission factors of key materials. (A) Overall impact across production scenarios, and temporal evolution of (B) steel, (C) resin, (D) aluminum, and (E) iron from 2025 to 2060. The three production scenarios are baseline production (M1), spatially diversified production (M2), as well as clean-oriented production (M3).