fig13

Figure 13. (A) Schematic illustration of the role of CDs in stabilizing lithium metal anodes. (B) Model structures showing the binding energies between Li ions and distinct lithiophilic sites based on DFT calculations. (C) Schematic illustration of the formation mechanism of NS-CDs. (A-C) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[133]. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier. (D) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of M-CPDs and H-CPDs. (E) Model structures of graphite-N, pyrrolic-N, and pyridinic-N. (F) Digital photographs of electrolytes containing M-CPDs and H-CPDs under ultraviolet (UV) light. Schematic illustration of Li deposition on Cu foils in the electrolyte. (G) Without CPD additives; with additives of (J) M-CPDs, (M) H-CPDs. SEM images of (H, K, N) Cu foil surfaces and (I, L, O) Li sheet surfaces after 50 cycles of Li//Cu half-cells at a current density of 1 mA cm^-2. (D-N) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[134]. Copyright © 2023 John Wiley & Sons.