fig3

Figure 3. Physical and chemical properties of electrolytes (A) Evaluation of flame-retardant properties of HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes. (B) Flash points of HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes (averages over three measurements). (C) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes. At 30 °C, (D) Wettability of HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes and (E) viscosity of HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes. (F) The calculated HOMO and LUMO energy level (eV) diagrams for lithium salts LiFSI and solvents TBP, TTE, PFPN. (G) Linear sweep voltammetry curves (LSV) of HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes. (H) Conductivity of HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes at different temperatures. (I) Li⁺ transference numbers of HCE, TLE, and PLE at 30 and 60 °C.