fig4

Figure 4. (A) Yield stress and (B) volume resistivity of ECAs with silver volume fractions between 1 and 4 vol% at a fixed PEG 200-to-silver volume ratio of 0.5. The dashed blue lines indicate the minimum yield stress required for solar cell interconnection and the maximum allowable volume resistivity, respectively. The squares indicate the mean values, and the error bars denote the standard deviation obtained from 3 (yield stress) and 9 (volume resistivity) measurements, respectively. ECAs: Electrically conductive adhesives; PEG: polyethylene glycol.