fig1

Figure 1. Three representative dynamic EDL-enabled nanogenerators and their operating mechanisms. (A and B) Dynamic EDL-mediated operating mechanism and a representative device architecture of S-L TENGs. Reprinted with permission from^[92] Copyright © 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (C and D) Asymmetric EDL-driven ionic migration mechanism and a representative device architecture of TINGs. Adapted with permission from^[93] Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc.; (E and F) EDL-SCR coupling-enabled ionic-electronic transduction mechanism and a representative device architecture of IVNGs. Adapted with permission from^[94] Copyright © 2026 Springer Nature.