fig11

Figure 11. Dynamic regulation of EDLs via triboelectrically induced ion polarization for enhanced triboiontronic energy conversion in TINGs. (A) Formation of the initial EDL at the bottom Au/FEP-water interface through solid-liquid contact electrification; (B) Generation of triboelectric charges on the top FEP surface via solid-solid contact electrification with an electropositive fur layer; (C) Triboelectrically induced polarization field modulates the pre-formed EDL, driving active redistribution of ionic concentration and enhancing interfacial ionic asymmetry; (D) Formation of coupled asymmetric EDLs and amplified ionic concentration gradients, enabling directional ion migration and ionic-electronic coupled energy conversion.