fig13

Figure 13. IVNG was developed by Li et al., and the dynamic EDL-SCR coupling and photo-enhanced iontrovoltaic energy conversion were experimentally verified. Reprinted with permission from^[94] Copyright © 2026, Springer Nature. (A) Device structure of the IVNG; (B) Experimental verification of triboelectric-polarization-induced ionic redistribution within EDLs through reversible variations in local pH and proton concentration under opposite polarization states; (C) Surface-potential characterization showing semiconductor work function modulation by triboelectrically induced ion polarization; (D) Semiconductor band bending and SCR charge density could be regulated by triboelectrically induced ion polarization; (E) Enhanced electrical output enabled by triboelectric-polarization-strengthened EDL-SCR interactions. (F) Photoexcitation introduces a further level of coupling between ionic transport and semiconductor carrier dynamics; (G) Synergistic enhancement of iontrovoltaic energy conversion through the cooperative effects of triboelectric polarization and photoexcitation.