fig19

Figure 19. Biological inspiration and dynamic EDL-mediated energy-information integration toward iontronic embodied intelligence. Reprinted with permission from^[206] Copyright © 2025 OAE. (A) Biological neural systems integrate energy flow and information flow through large-scale ionic transport networks; (B) Action-potential generation and propagation based on ATP-driven ion polarization and ion-channel-mediated depolarization, illustrating the energy-information coupling mechanism underlying biological intelligence; (C) Dynamic EDL-mediated ion polarization and directional ionic transport in triboiontronic systems, providing an artificial analog for coupling energy conversion, information transmission, and signal regulation at solid-liquid interfaces.