fig7

Figure 7. Pioneering developments of dynamic EDL-enabled S-L TENGs. (A) The first water-based S-L TENG (2013) provided early evidence that ionic structures at the liquid side participate in solid-liquid triboelectric energy conversion. Reprinted with permission from^[92] Copyright © 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (B) The droplet-driven S-L TENG (2014) revealed that droplet dynamics induce spatiotemporal evolution of interfacial charge distribution and dynamic EDL modulation. Reprinted with permission from^[128] Copyright © 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (C) The wave-driven S-L TENG (2014) demonstrated that continuous interfacial perturbations lead to dynamic EDL evolution and ionic redistribution, which directly govern macroscopic energy conversion behavior. Reprinted with permission from^[129] Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society.