fig4

Figure 4. (A) Schematic of P-C bonds and P-O-C bonds in solvothermal BPGO and storage of Li⁺, adapted with permission from Ref.^[70], copyright 2017, Wiley; (B) The synthetic scheme of the P/graphene composite. (C) Cycling behavior of RP, graphene, and the P/graphene nanohybrid. (B and C) are adapted with permission from Ref.^[71], copyright 2017, The Royal Society of Chemistry; (D) Schematic diagram showing five key states of the BP QD/TNS anode during the first CV cathodic scan, corresponding to different crystalline phases (LiP₇, LiP₅, Li₃P₇, LiP, and Li₃P) at specific discharge voltages, adapted with permission from Ref.^[72], copyright 2018, Wiley; (E) Top view and side view of Li diffusion pathways and the corresponding energy profiles in bulk GP, adapted with permission from Ref.^[73], copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.