fig3

Figure 3. (A) Dielectric constant and donor number comparison of various solvents; Figure 3A is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[98]. Copyright © 2026 Wiley, under CC BY 4.0 license; (B) Solvent criteria are based on donor number and the |ESP_max|/|ESP_min| ratio; Figure 3B is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[99]. Copyright © 2025 Wiley; (C) ESP of various solvents calculated via density functional theory under vacuum; Figure 3C is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[103]. Copyright © 2023 Wiley; (D) Electron-localized function and E_int between Li_xSi (Li₁₅Si₄, Li₁₂Si₇, and LiSi) alloys and major SEI components (Left: LiF. Center: Li₂O. Right: Li₂CO₃); Figure 3D is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[84]. Copyright © 2024 Springer Nature; (E) MALDI-TOF-MS profiling of SEI component distribution as a function of depth; (F) Schematic of the formation process of SD-SEI in the GBL-based electrolyte; Figure 3E and F are reprinted with permission from Ref.^[112]. Copyright © 2023 Springer Nature. THF: Tetrahydrofuran; DMC: dimethyl carbonate; EMC: ethyl methyl carbonate; DEC: diethyl carbonate; DOL: 1,3-dioxolane; EC: ethylene carbonate; PC: propylene carbonate; CPME: cyclopentyl methyl ether; ACN: acetonitrile; BME: 1,2-dimethoxyethane; DEE: 1,2-diethoxyethane; DME: ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; TEP: triethyl phosphate; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; OFE: 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl ether; OTE: 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether; HFE: 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether; TTE: 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether; DCM: dichloromethane; DFEC: difluoroethylene carbonat; DEC: diethyl carbonate; AN: acetonitrile; SL: sulfolane; g-BL: γ-butyrolactone; FEA: fluoroethyl acetate; FEMC: methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate; MTFP: methyl trifluoropropyl ether; FDMB: fluoro-1,3-dimethoxybenzene; MP: methyl propionate; MB: methyl butyrate; MA: methyl acetate; TMP: trimethyl phosphate; DMB: dimethoxybutane; DX: 1,3-dioxane; SD-SEI: solvent-derived solid electrolyte interphase.