fig4

Figure 4. Schematic of SEI formation in (A) LHCE-DME-based electrolyte and (B) LHCE-THF-based electrolyte; Figure 4A and B is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[155]. Copyright © 2023 Wiley; PDOS of (C) FEMC-HCE and (D) FEMC-LHCE from DFT-MD simulations; Figure 4C and D is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[161]. Copyright © 2023 Wiley; (E) Frontier orbital energy levels of EC, DEC, FEC, BTFC, and ETFA solvents; Figure 4E is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[164]. Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society; (F) ESP maps of EA, MA, EDFA, and MDFA; Figure 4F is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[165]. Copyright © 2025 Wiley; (G) Electrostatic potential mapping and (H) ⁷Li NMR spectra of CPME and THF; Figure 4G and H is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[24]. Copyright © 2025, Wiley. SEI: Solid electrolyte interphase; TTE: 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether; DME: ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; FSI: fluorosulfonyl imide; THF: tetrahydrofuran; FEMC: methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate; EA: ethyl acetate; MA: methyl acetate; EDFA: ethyl difluoroacetate; MDFA: methyl difluoroacetate; CPME: cyclopentyl methyl ether; ESP: electrostatic potential; LHCE: localized high-concentration electrolyte; PDOS: projected density of states; FEMC: methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate; HCE: high-concentration electrolytes; DFT: density functional theory; MD: molecular dynamics; FEC: fluoroethylene carbonate; BTFC: bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate; ETFA: ethyl trifluoroacetate; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.