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Figure 4. Topical MSC-sEVs Suppress Psoriatic Inflammation. Topical application of MSC-sEVs significantly reduced IL-17, IL-23, and C5b-9 deposition in lesional skin. In contrast, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections failed to produce comparable effects, underscoring the unique suitability of topical delivery for localized control of psoriatic inflammation. (Figure was created with AI-assisted technologies). IL-17: Interleukin-17; IL-23: interleukin-23; C5b-9: complement component 5b-9; MSC-sEVs: mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles.