fig5

Figure 5. Core challenges and future directions in aptamer-EV technology. This schematic diagram summarizes the critical challenges and prospective future directions in EV-based research and therapeutics. This figure was drawn with Figdraw and is an original work of the authors. Figdraw ID: TRYAU8378a. AI: Artificial intelligence; EpCAM: epithelial cell adhesion molecule; EV: extracellular vesicle; GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice; ISEV: International Society for Extracellular Vesicles; LNA: locked nucleic acid; RNA: ribonucleic acid; SELEX: systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment.