fig3

Figure 3. Schematic illustration of the topology-transformation strategy for synthesizing LDH-based SACs. The pathways include (A) reduction of doped LDH precursors. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[66]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH; (B) interlayer engineering for confined construction of single-atom sites. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[67]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier; and (C) interlayer engineering for coordination regulation. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[68]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. LDH: Layered double hydroxide; SAC: single-atom catalyst.