fig3

Figure 3. Influence of liquid-gas interfacial surface oxide layer thickness on LM bridge evolution. (A) In situ TEM images of the combination and separation of two LM NDs on Cu substrate with surface oxide layer. (B) In situ TEM images of nanoindentation of an LM ND on the Au substrate illustrating irregular deformation due to a thick oxide layer. (C) In situ TEM images of the combination and separation of two LM NDs on the Au substrate with a substantially thick oxide layer, showing constrained bridge formation.