fig5

Figure 5. Schematic illustration of stomatocyte-based nanomotors and their propulsion mechanisms. Stomatocytes can encapsulate catalytic components, including Pt or MnO₂ nanoparticles and enzymes such as catalase or urease, to generate chemically driven propulsion. Alternatively, surface functionalization with Pt nanoparticles enables bubble-driven motion, while Au nanoparticles or a hemispherical Au coating can confer light-driven propulsion. Combining catalytic nanoparticles or Au-based components with enzymes within a single stomatocyte enables multimodal propulsion. Pt NP: Platinum nanoparticle; Au NP: Gold nanoparticle; MnO₂ NP: Manganese dioxide nanoparticle.