REFERENCES
1. Heller, A.; Feldman, B. Electrochemical glucose sensors and their applications in diabetes management. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 2482-505.
2. Clark, L. C.; Lyons, C. Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006, 102, 29-45.
3. Wang, J. Electrochemical biosensors: towards point-of-care cancer diagnostics. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2006, 21, 1887-92.
4. Wu, J.; Liu, H.; Chen, W.; Ma, B.; Ju, H. Device integration of electrochemical biosensors. Nat. Rev. Bioeng. 2023, 1, 346-60.
5. Zhang, H.; Sun, Z.; Sun, K.; et al. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based biosensors for label-free detection of pathogens. Biosensors 2025, 15, 443.
6. Jung, H. H.; Lee, H.; Yea, J.; Jang, K. Wearable electrochemical sensors for real-time monitoring in diabetes mellitus and associated complications. Soft. Sci. 2024, 4, 15.
7. Pour, S. R. S.; Calabria, D.; Emamiamin, A.; et al. Electrochemical vs. optical biosensors for point-of-care applications: a critical review. Chemosensors 2023, 11, 546.
8. Zhang, Y.; Zhou, N. Electrochemical biosensors based on micro-fabricated devices for point-of-care testing: a review. Electroanalysis 2021, 34, 168-83.
9. Umapathi, R.; Raju, C. V.; Safarkhani, M.; et al. Versatility of MXene based materials for the electrochemical detection of phenolic contaminants. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2025, 525, 216305.
10. Umapathi, R.; Ghoreishian, S. M.; Sonwal, S.; Rani, G. M.; Huh, Y. S. Portable electrochemical sensing methodologies for on-site detection of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2022, 453, 214305.
11. Bandodkar, A. J.; Jeerapan, I.; Wang, J. Wearable chemical sensors: present challenges and future prospects. ACS. Sens. 2016, 1, 464-82.
12. Falk, M.; Psotta, C.; Cirovic, S.; Shleev, S. Non-invasive electrochemical biosensors operating in human physiological fluids. Sensors 2020, 20, 6352.
13. Shen, Y.; Liu, C.; He, H.; et al. Recent advances in wearable biosensors for non-invasive detection of human lactate. Biosensors 2022, 12, 1164.
14. Lad, U.; Khokhar, S.; Kale, G. M. Electrochemical creatinine biosensors. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 7910-7.
15. Yeasmin, S.; Cheng, L. Emerging trends in functional molecularly imprinted polymers for electrochemical detection of biomarkers. Biomicrofluidics 2024, 18, 031503.
16. Li, Y.; Luo, L.; Kong, Y.; et al. Recent advances in molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2024, 249, 116018.
17. He, R.; Chen, L.; Chu, P.; Gao, P.; Wang, J. Recent advances in nonenzymatic electrochemical biosensors for sports biomarkers: focusing on antibodies, aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers. Anal. Methods. 2024, 16, 6079-97.
18. Wang, W.; He, Y.; He, S.; et al. A brief review of aptamer-based biosensors in recent years. Biosensors 2025, 15, 120.
19. Kim, Y.; Seo, M.; Baek, S. Ion-selective electrode-based sensors from the macro- to the nanoscale. Sensor. Actuator. Rep. 2025, 9, 100258.
20. Cha, S.; Choi, M. Y.; Kim, M. J.; Sim, S. B.; Haizan, I.; Choi, J. Electrochemical microneedles for real-time monitoring in interstitial fluid: emerging technologies and future directions. Biosensors 2025, 15, 380.
21. Yuan, X.; Ouaskioud, O.; Yin, X.; et al. Epidermal wearable biosensors for the continuous monitoring of biomarkers of chronic disease in interstitial fluid. Micromachines 2023, 14, 1452.
22. Pereira, R. L.; Vinayakumar, K. B.; Sillankorva, S. Polymeric microneedles for health care monitoring: an emerging trend. ACS. Sens. 2024, 9, 2294-309.
23. Haider, K.; Dalton, C. Recent developments in microneedle biosensors for biomedical and agricultural applications. Micromachines 2025, 16, 929.
24. Tehrani, F.; Teymourian, H.; Wuerstle, B.; et al. An integrated wearable microneedle array for the continuous monitoring of multiple biomarkers in interstitial fluid. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2022, 6, 1214-24.
25. Dervisevic, M.; Esser, L.; Chen, Y.; Alba, M.; Prieto-simon, B.; Voelcker, N. H. High-density microneedle array-based wearable electrochemical biosensor for detection of insulin in interstitial fluid. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2025, 271, 116995.
26. Duan, H.; Peng, S.; He, S.; et al. Wearable electrochemical biosensors for advanced healthcare monitoring. Adv. Sci. 2024, 12, 2411433.
27. Dong, Y.; Mao, S.; Chen, S.; Ma, J.; Jaffrezic-renault, N.; Guo, Z. Opportunities and challenges of microneedle electrochemical sensors for interstitial fluid detection. TrAC - Trends Anal.. Chem. 2024, 180, 117891.
28. Yin, S.; Yu, Z.; Song, N.; et al. A long lifetime and highly sensitive wearable microneedle sensor for the continuous real-time monitoring of glucose in interstitial fluid. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2024, 244, 115822.
29. Byrne, B.; Stack, E.; Gilmartin, N.; O’kennedy, R. Antibody-based sensors: principles, problems and potential for detection of pathogens and associated toxins. Sensors 2009, 9, 4407-45.
30. Aramburo, A.; Todd, J.; George, E. C.; et al. Lactate clearance as a prognostic marker of mortality in severely ill febrile children in East Africa. BMC. Med. 2018, 16, 37.
31. Kruse, O.; Grunnet, N.; Barfod, C. Blood lactate as a predictor for in-hospital mortality in patients admitted acutely to hospital: a systematic review. Scand. J. Trauma. Resusc. Emerg. Med. 2011, 19, 74.
32. Ming, D. K.; Jangam, S.; Gowers, S. A. N.; et al. Real-time continuous measurement of lactate through a minimally invasive microneedle patch: a phase I clinical study. BMJ. Innov. 2022, 8, 87-94.
33. Leung, H. M. C.; Forlenza, G. P.; Prioleau, T. O.; Zhou, X. Noninvasive glucose sensing in vivo. Sensors 2023, 23, 7057.
34. Wang, Y.; Vaddiraju, S.; Gu, B.; Papadimitrakopoulos, F.; Burgess, D. J. Foreign body reaction to implantable biosensors: effects of tissue trauma and implant size. J. Diabetes. Sci. Technol. 2015, 9, 966-77.
35. Chen, Y.; He, Z.; Wu, Y.; et al. A wearable molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for cortisol stable monitoring in sweat. Biosensors 2025, 15, 194.
36. Singh, N. K.; Chung, S.; Sveiven, M.; Hall, D. A. Cortisol detection in undiluted human serum using a sensitive electrochemical structure-switching aptamer over an antifouling nanocomposite layer. ACS. Omega. 2021, 6, 27888-97.
37. Wu, Z.; Qiao, Z.; Chen, S.; et al. Interstitial fluid-based wearable biosensors for minimally invasive healthcare and biomedical applications. Commun. Mater. 2024, 5, 33.
38. Kim, G.; Ahn, H.; Chaj Ulloa, J.; Gao, W. Microneedle sensors for dermal interstitial fluid analysis. Med-X 2024, 2, 15.
39. Sprunger, Y.; Longo, J.; Saeidi, A.; Ionescu, A. M. Bridging blood and skin: biomarker profiling in dermal interstitial fluid (dISF) for minimally invasive diagnostics. Biosensors 2025, 15, 301.
40. Himawan, A.; Vora, L. K.; Permana, A. D.; et al. Where microneedle meets biomarkers: futuristic application for diagnosing and monitoring localized external organ diseases. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2022, 12, 2202066.
41. Friedel, M.; Thompson, I. A. P.; Kasting, G.; et al. Opportunities and challenges in the diagnostic utility of dermal interstitial fluid. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2023, 7, 1541-55.
42. Levick, J. R.; Michel, C. C. Microvascular fluid exchange and the revised Starling principle. Cardiovasc. Res. 2010, 87, 198-210.
43. Heikenfeld, J.; Jajack, A.; Feldman, B.; et al. Accessing analytes in biofluids for peripheral biochemical monitoring. Nat. Biotechnol. 2019, 37, 407-19.
44. Sarin, H. Physiologic upper limits of pore size of different blood capillary types and another perspective on the dual pore theory of microvascular permeability. J. Angiogenesis. Res. 2010, 2, 14.
45. Frank, P. G.; Pavlides, S.; Lisanti, M. P. Caveolae and transcytosis in endothelial cells: role in atherosclerosis. Cell. Tissue. Res. 2008, 335, 41-7.
46. Basu, A.; Dube, S.; Slama, M.; et al. Time lag of glucose from intravascular to interstitial compartment in humans. Diabetes 2013, 62, 4083-7.
47. Thennadil, S. N.; Rennert, J. L.; Wenzel, B. J.; Hazen, K. H.; Ruchti, T. L.; Block, M. B. Comparison of glucose concentration in interstitial fluid, and capillary and venous blood during rapid changes in blood glucose levels. Diabetes. Technol. Ther. 2001, 3, 357-65.
48. Keenan, D. B.; Mastrototaro, J. J.; Voskanyan, G.; Steil, G. M. Delays in minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring devices: a review of current technology. J. Diabetes. Sci. Technol. 2009, 3, 1207-14.
49. Kolluru, C.; Williams, M.; Yeh, J. S.; Noel, R. K.; Knaack, J.; Prausnitz, M. R. Monitoring drug pharmacokinetics and immunologic biomarkers in dermal interstitial fluid using a microneedle patch. Biomed. Microdevices. 2019, 21, 14.
50. Samant, P. P.; Niedzwiecki, M. M.; Raviele, N.; et al. Sampling interstitial fluid from human skin using a microneedle patch. Sci. Transl. Med. 2020, 12, eaaw0285.
51. Friedel, M.; Werbovetz, B.; Drexelius, A.; et al. Continuous molecular monitoring of human dermal interstitial fluid with microneedle-enabled electrochemical aptamer sensors. Lab. Chip. 2023, 23, 3289-99.
52. Geyer, P. E.; Kulak, N. A.; Pichler, G.; Holdt, L. M.; Teupser, D.; Mann, M. Plasma proteome profiling to assess human health and disease. Cell. Systems. 2016, 2, 185-95.
53. Anderson, N. L.; Anderson, N. G. The human plasma proteome. Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 2002, 1, 845-67.
54. Corrie, S. R.; Coffey, J. W.; Islam, J.; Markey, K. A.; Kendall, M. A. F. Blood, sweat, and tears: developing clinically relevant protein biosensors for integrated body fluid analysis. Analyst 2015, 140, 4350-64.
55. Jairam, R. K.; Franz, M.; Hanke, N.; Kuepfer, L. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for systemic disposition of protein therapeutics in rabbits. Front. Pharmacol. 2024, 15, 1427325.
56. Chen, X.; Crimmins, E.; Hu, P. P.; et al. Venous blood-based biomarkers in the china health and retirement longitudinal study: rationale, design, and results from the 2015 wave. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2019, 188, 1871-7.
57. Grande, G.; Valletta, M.; Rizzuto, D.; et al. Blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease and incident dementia in the community. Nat. Med. 2025, 31, 2027-35.
58. Sly, B.; Taylor, J. Blood glucose monitoring devices: current considerations. Aust. Prescr. 2023, 46, 54-9.
59. Rebel, A.; Rice, M. A.; Fahy, B. G. The accuracy of point-of-care glucose measurements. J. Diabetes. Sci. Technol. 2012, 6, 396-411.
60. Chan, J. C.; Wong, R. Y.; Cheung, C.; et al. Accuracy, precision and user-acceptability of self blood glucose monitoring machines. Diabetes. Res. Clin. Pract. 1997, 36, 91-104.
61. Sharif-nia, H.; Mokhtari, H.; Osborne, J. W.; Shafaei, S.; Soltanzade, M. Evaluation of the accuracy, precision, and agreement of a glucometer compared to the standard laboratory test in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Sci. Rep. 2025, 15, 44517.
62. Hoffman, M. S. F.; Mckeage, J. W.; Xu, J.; Ruddy, B. P.; Nielsen, P. M. F.; Taberner, A. J. Minimally invasive capillary blood sampling methods. Expert. Rev. Med. Devices. 2023, 20, 5-16.
63. Fruhstorfer, H.; Schmelzeisen-redeker, G.; Weiss, T. Capillary blood sampling: relation between lancet diameter, lancing pain and blood volume. Eur. J. Pain. 2012, 3, 283-6.
64. Oliveira, C.; Teixeira, J. A.; Oliveira, N.; Ferreira, S.; Botelho, C. M. Microneedles’ device: design, fabrication, and applications. Macromol 2024, 4, 320-55.
65. Kim, J.; Park, S.; Nam, G.; Choi, Y.; Woo, S.; Yoon, S. Bioinspired microneedle insertion for deep and precise skin penetration with low force: why the application of mechanophysical stimuli should be considered. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2018, 78, 480-90.
66. Zahra Jawad, S. E.; Hussain, D.; Najam-ul-haq, M.; Fatima, B. Electrochemical sensing of human hormones. TrAC. -. Trends. Anal. Chem. 2024, 181, 117993.
67. Mikuła, E. Recent advancements in electrochemical biosensors for Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers detection. Curr. Med. Chem. 2021, 28, 4049-73.
68. Gunasekaran, A. K.; Nesakumar, N.; Gunasekaran, B. M.; Kulandaisamy, A. J.; Balaguru Rayappan, J. B. Highly sensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for uric acid detection using copper oxide nanopebbles-modified glassy carbon electrode. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2025, 697, 162956.
69. Wang, L.; Chang, S.; Chen, C.; Liu, J. Metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical glucose sensors: progress and challenges. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2025, 543, 216907.
70. Kim, J.; Campbell, A. S.; Wang, J. Wearable non-invasive epidermal glucose sensors: a review. Talanta 2018, 177, 163-70.
71. Smoller, B. R.; Roe, J. N. Bloodless glucose measurements. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug. Carrier. Syst. 1998, 15, 43.
72. Mcallister, D. V.; Wang, P. M.; Davis, S. P.; et al. Microfabricated needles for transdermal delivery of macromolecules and nanoparticles: fabrication methods and transport studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100, 13755-60.
73. Hu, Y.; Chatzilakou, E.; Pan, Z.; Traverso, G.; Yetisen, A. K. Microneedle sensors for point-of-care diagnostics. Adv. Sci. 2024, 11, 2306560.
74. Corrie, S. R.; Fernando, G. J. P.; Crichton, M. L.; Brunck, M. E. G.; Anderson, C. D.; Kendall, M. A. F. Surface-modified microprojection arrays for intradermal biomarker capture, with low non-specific protein binding. Lab. Chip. 2010, 10, 2655.
75. Windmiller, J. R.; Valdés-ramírez, G.; Zhou, N.; et al. Bicomponent microneedle array biosensor for minimally-invasive glutamate monitoring. Electroanalysis 2011, 23, 2302-9.
76. Dardano, P.; Battisti, M.; Rea, I.; et al. Polymeric microneedle arrays: versatile tools for an innovative approach to drug administration. Adv. Ther. 2019, 2, 1900036.
77. Li, X.; Huang, X.; Mo, J.; et al. A fully integrated closed-loop system based on mesoporous microneedles-iontophoresis for diabetes treatment. Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2100827.
78. Kusama, S.; Sato, K.; Matsui, Y.; et al. Transdermal electroosmotic flow generated by a porous microneedle array patch. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 658.
79. Donnelly, R. F.; Singh, T. R. R.; Garland, M. J.; et al. Hydrogel-forming microneedle arrays for enhanced transdermal drug delivery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 4879-90.
80. Mandal, A.; Boopathy, A. V.; Lam, L. K. W.; et al. Cell and fluid sampling microneedle patches for monitoring skin-resident immunity. Sci. Transl. Med. 2018, 10, eaar2227.
81. Ghavaminejad, P.; Ghavaminejad, A.; Zheng, H.; Dhingra, K.; Samarikhalaj, M.; Poudineh, M. A. Conductive hydrogel microneedle-based assay integrating PEDOT:PSS and Ag-Pt nanoparticles for real-time, enzyme-less, and electrochemical sensing of glucose. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2022, 12, 2202362.
82. Filho, R. R.; Rocha, L. L.; Corrêa, T. D.; Pessoa, C. M. S.; Colombo, G.; Assuncao, M. S. C. Blood lactate levels cutoff and mortality prediction in sepsis - time for a reappraisal? A retrospective cohort study. Shock 2016, 46, 480-5.
83. Djassemi, O.; Chang, A.; Mcguire, W. C.; et al. Clinical evaluation of microneedle biosensors for continuous lactate monitoring in critically Ill patients. ACS. Sens. 2026, 11, 1413-24.
84. Veronica, A.; Li, Y.; Li, Y.; Hsing, I.; Nyein, H. Y. Y. Dermal-fluid-enabled detection platforms for non-invasive ambulatory monitoring. Sens. Diagn. 2023, 2, 1335-59.
85. Wang, H.; Dong, Q.; Zhao, P.; Yang, G.; Yan, Q.; Yang, Y. Iontophoresis-enhanced microneedles for interstitial fluid detection and transdermal drug delivery. J. Drug. Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2026, 119, 108158.
86. Han, S.; Yamamoto, S.; Jung, C.; Jin, D. Y.; Lee, T.; Kim, J. Wearable sensors for monitoring chronic kidney disease. Commun. Mater. 2024, 5, 153.
87. Adelaars, S.; Konings, C. J.; Cox, L.; et al. The correlation of urea and creatinine concentrations in sweat and saliva with plasma during hemodialysis: an observational cohort study. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2024, 62, 1118-25.
88. Rakesh Kumar, R.; Shaikh, M. O.; Chuang, C. A review of recent advances in non-enzymatic electrochemical creatinine biosensing. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2021, 1183, 338748.
89. Kayashima, S.; Arai, T.; Kikuchi, M.; et al. Suction effusion fluid from skin and constituent analysis: new candidate for interstitial fluid. Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol. 1992, 263, H1623-7.
90. Saltiel, A. R.; Kahn, C. R. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature 2001, 414, 799-806.
91. Li, X.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, B.; et al. Lactate metabolism in human health and disease. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 2022, 7, 305.
92. Jadhav, R. B.; Patil, T.; Tiwari, A. P. Trends in sensing of creatinine by electrochemical and optical biosensors. Appl. Surf. Sci. Adv. 2024, 19, 100567.
93. Matsumoto, S.; Häberle, J.; Kido, J.; Mitsubuchi, H.; Endo, F.; Nakamura, K. Urea cycle disorders - update. J. Hum. Genet. 2019, 64, 833-47.
94. Gao, W.; Emaminejad, S.; Nyein, H. Y. Y.; et al. Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. Nature 2016, 529, 509-14.
95. Yue Jing, L.; Fan, Y.; Zhi Chen, B.; et al. An aptamer-integrated conductive microneedle biosensor for real-time transdermal cortisol monitoring. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 502, 157488.
96. Trusso Sfrazzetto, G.; Santonocito, R. Nanomaterials for cortisol sensing. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 3790.
97. Venugopal, M.; Arya, S. K.; Chornokur, G.; Bhansali, S. A realtime and continuous assessment of cortisol in ISF using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Sens. Actuat. A. Phys. 2011, 172, 154-60.
98. Holsboer, F.; Ising, M. Stress hormone regulation: biological role and translation into therapy. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2010, 61, 81-109.
99. Jansson, P. E.; Fowelin, J. P.; Von Schenck, H. P.; Smith, U. P.; Lönnroth, P. N. Measurement by microdialysis of the insulin concentration in subcutaneous interstitial fluid: importance of the endothelial barrier for insulin. Diabetes 1993, 42, 1469-73.
100. Pretty, C. G.; Le Compte, A.; Penning, S.; et al. Interstitial insulin kinetic parameters for a 2-compartment insulin model with saturable clearance. Comput. Methods. Programs. Biomed. 2014, 114, e39-45.
101. Sjöstrand, M.; Holmäng, A.; Lönnroth, P. Measurement of interstitial insulin in human muscle. Am. J. Physiol. -. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999, 276, E151-4.
102. Stegemann, J.; Augustin, M. N.; Ackermann, J.; et al. Levodopa sensing with a nanosensor array via a low-cost near infrared readout. Anal. Chem. 2025, 97, 13655-62.
103. Liu, Y.; Yu, Q.; Luo, X.; Yang, L.; Cui, Y. Continuous monitoring of diabetes with an integrated microneedle biosensing device through 3D printing. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 2021, 7, 75.
104. Wang, Y.; Liu, H.; Yang, X.; et al. A responsive hydrogel-based microneedle system for minimally invasive glucose monitoring. Smart. Mater. Med. 2023, 4, 69-77.
105. Misia, G.; Evangelisti, C.; Merino, J. P.; et al. Design and optimization of an electrochemical sensor based on carbon nanotubes for the reliable voltammetric detection of serotonin in complex biological fluids. Carbon 2024, 229, 119550.
106. Liu, Y.; Li, W.; Lu, Z.; et al. A microneedle-based SERS sensor for simultaneous detection of pH and uric acid in interstitial fluid. Microchem. J. 2026, 222, 117164.
107. Ju, J.; Hsieh, C.; Tian, Y.; et al. Surface enhanced raman spectroscopy based biosensor with a microneedle array for minimally invasive in vivo glucose measurements. ACS. Sens. 2020, 5, 1777-85.
108. Zhu, D. D.; Zheng, L. W.; Duong, P. K.; et al. Colorimetric microneedle patches for multiplexed transdermal detection of metabolites. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2022, 212, 114412.
109. He, R.; Niu, Y.; Li, Z.; et al. A hydrogel microneedle patch for point-of-care testing based on skin interstitial fluid. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2020, 9, 1901201.
110. He, R.; Liu, H.; Fang, T.; et al. A colorimetric dermal tattoo biosensor fabricated by microneedle patch for multiplexed detection of health-related biomarkers. Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2103030.
111. Wang, Z.; Li, H.; Wang, J.; et al. Transdermal colorimetric patch for hyperglycemia sensing in diabetic mice. Biomaterials 2020, 237, 119782.
112. Huang, W.; Yang, Y.; Xu, Y.; Xiao, F.; Wang, L. Sweat wearable sensor based on confined pt nanoparticles in 2d conductive metal–organic frameworks for continuous glucose monitoring. Adv. Sci. 2025, 12, e07212.
113. Shu, Y.; Shang, Z.; Su, T.; et al. A highly flexible Ni–Co MOF nanosheet coated Au/PDMS film based wearable electrochemical sensor for continuous human sweat glucose monitoring. Analyst 2022, 147, 1440-8.
114. Ming, T.; Lan, T.; Yu, M.; et al. A novel electrochemical microneedle sensor for highly sensitive real time monitoring of glucose. Microchem. J. 2024, 207, 112021.
115. Bocina, E.; Cocuzza, C.; Vincenzi, C.; Fino, D.; Cauda, V.; Piumetti, M. Enzyme-based biosensors: emerging tools for advanced biomedical applications. Talanta 2026, 300, 129241.
116. Elgrishi, N.; Rountree, K. J.; Mccarthy, B. D.; Rountree, E. S.; Eisenhart, T. T.; Dempsey, J. L. A practical beginner’s guide to cyclic voltammetry. J. Chem. Educ. 2017, 95, 197-206.
117. Semenova, D.; Zubov, A.; Silina, Y. E.; et al. Mechanistic modeling of cyclic voltammetry: a helpful tool for understanding biosensor principles and supporting design optimization. Sens. Actuat. B. Chem. 2018, 259, 945-55.
118. Lee, G.; Park, J.; Chang, Y. W.; Cho, S.; Kang, M.; Pyun, J. Chronoamperometry-based redox cycling for application to immunoassays. ACS. Sens. 2018, 3, 106-12.
119. Baluta, S.; Meloni, F.; Halicka, K.; et al. Differential pulse voltammetry and chronoamperometry as analytical tools for epinephrine detection using a tyrosinase-based electrochemical biosensor. RSC. Adv. 2022, 12, 25342-53.
120. Moreno-Guzmán, M.; Ojeda, I.; Villalonga, R.; González-cortés, A.; Yáñez-Sedeño, P.; Pingarrón, J. M. Ultrasensitive detection of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) using disposable phenylboronic-modified electrochemical immunosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2012, 35, 82-6.
121. Beitollahi, H.; Tajik, S.; Nejad, F. G. Utilization of MoS2 nanosheets/MnO2 nanorods-based electrochemical sensor for 4-aminophenol determination in the presence of acetaminophen. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2025, 13, 117113.
122. Lazanas, A. C.; Prodromidis, M. I. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy - a tutorial. ACS. Meas. Sci. Au. 2023, 3, 162-93.
123. Srivastava, M.; Nirala, N. R.; Srivastava, S. K.; Prakash, R. A comparative study of aptasensor vs immunosensor for label-free PSA cancer detection on GQDs-AuNRs modified screen-printed electrodes. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 1923.
124. Zheng, L.; Zhu, D.; Xiao, Y.; Zheng, X.; Chen, P. Microneedle coupled epidermal sensor for multiplexed electrochemical detection of kidney disease biomarkers. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2023, 237, 115506.
125. Kumar, P.; Jaiwal, R.; Pundir, C. An improved amperometric creatinine biosensor based on nanoparticles of creatininase, creatinase and sarcosine oxidase. Anal. Biochem. 2017, 537, 41-9.
126. Paul, A.; Srivastava, D. N. Amperometric glucose sensing at nanomolar level using MOF-encapsulated TiO2 platform. ACS. Omega. 2018, 3, 14634-40.
127. Wang, Q. Molinero-fernandez, Á.; Wei, Q.; et al. Intradermal lactate monitoring based on a microneedle sensor patch for enhanced in vivo accuracy. ACS. Sens. 2024, 9, 3115-25.
128. Li, F.; Feng, J.; Gao, Z.; et al. Facile synthesis of Cu2O@TiO2-PtCu nanocomposites as a signal amplification strategy for the insulin detection. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2019, 11, 8945-53.
129. Jamalipour Soufi, G.; Iravani, S.; Varma, R. S. Molecularly imprinted polymers for the detection of viruses: challenges and opportunities. Analyst 2021, 146, 3087-100.
130. Haji-hashemi, H.; Bahadorikhalili, S.; Prieto-simón, B. Advancing noninvasive therapeutic drug monitoring via a 3D microstructured aptasensing platform. ACS. Omega. 2025, 10, 35689-97.
131. Wu, Y.; Tehrani, F.; Teymourian, H.; et al. Microneedle aptamer-based sensors for continuous, real-time therapeutic drug monitoring. Anal. Chem. 2022, 94, 8335-45.
132. Kai, H.; Kumatani, A. A porous microneedle electrochemical glucose sensor fabricated on a scaffold of a polymer monolith. J. Phys. Energy. 2021, 3, 024006.
133. Yeasmin, S.; Ullah, A.; Wu, B.; Zhang, X.; Cheng, L. Enzyme-mimics for sensitive and selective steroid metabolite detection. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2023, acsami.2c21980.
134. Tan, F.; Zhai, M.; Meng, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Wang, X. Hybrid peptide-molecularly imprinted polymer interface for electrochemical detection of vancomycin in complex matrices. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2021, 184, 113220.
135. Kilic, N. M.; Singh, S.; Keles, G.; Cinti, S.; Kurbanoglu, S.; Odaci, D. Novel approaches to enzyme-based electrochemical nanobiosensors. Biosensors 2023, 13, 622.
136. Kumar, H. Neelam. Enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors for food safety: a review. Nanobiosens. Dis. Diagn. 2016, 29.
137. Wang, H.; Liu, C.; Feng, T.; et al. Enzyme-based electrochemical sensing systems for on-site detection: recent progress and prospects. Small 2025, 21, e07926.
138. Kozitsina, A.; Svalova, T.; Malysheva, N.; Okhokhonin, A.; Vidrevich, M.; Brainina, K. Sensors based on bio and biomimetic receptors in medical diagnostic, environment, and food analysis. Biosensors 2018, 8, 35.
139. Dzyadevych, S.; Arkhypova, V.; Soldatkin, A.; El’skaya, A.; Martelet, C.; Jaffrezic-renault, N. Amperometric enzyme biosensors: past, present and future. IRBM 2008, 29, 171-80.
140. Jarnda, K. V.; Wang, D. Qurrat-Ul-Ain; et al. Recent advances in electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor for the detection of glucose in tears and saliva: a review. Sens. Actuat. A. Phys. 2023, 363, 114778.
141. Hemalatha, J.; Senthamil, C.; Sakthivel, C.; Nivetha, A.; Umashankar, J.; Prabha, I. Efficient transition metal nanozymes as the alternate for natural enzymes in food analysis and environmental remediation. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2024, 12, 112575.
142. He, L.; Ma, X.; Li, Y.; et al. A novel self-powered sensor based on Ni(OH)2/Fe2O3 photoanode for glucose detection by converting solar energy into electricity. J. Alloys. Compd. 2022, 907, 164132.
143. Zhou, F.; Zhao, H.; Chen, K.; Cao, S.; Shi, Z.; Lan, M. Flexible electrochemical sensor with Fe/Co bimetallic oxides for sensitive analysis of glucose in human tears. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2023, 1243, 340781.
144. Wang, L.; Meng, T.; Zhao, D.; et al. An enzyme-free electrochemical biosensor based on well monodisperse Au nanorods for ultra-sensitive detection of telomerase activity. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2020, 148, 111834.
145. Naik, K. K.; Gangan, A.; Chakraborty, B.; Rout, C. S. Superior non-enzymatic glucose sensing properties of Ag-/Au-NiCo2O4 nanosheets with insight from electronic structure simulations. Analyst 2018, 143, 571-9.
146. Ghosh, R.; Li, X.; Yates, M. Z. Nonenzymatic glucose sensor using bimetallic catalysts. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2023, 16, 17-29.
147. Zhu, H.; Shi, F.; Peng, M.; et al. Non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors based on metal oxides and sulfides: recent progress and perspectives. Chemosensors 2025, 13, 19.
148. Verma, S.; Pandey, C. M.; Kumar, D. Non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensor based on MgO@rGO-MoS2 nanohybrid for phenolic compounds detection. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 2023, 38, e7325.
149. Kumari, D.; Prajapati, M.; Ravi Kant, C. Highly efficient non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensor based on copper metal organic framework coated on graphite sheet. ECS. J. Solid. State. Sci. Technol. 2024, 13, 047007.
150. Liu, X., Li, W., Xu, X., Zhou, J., Nie, Z. Electrochemical aptamer sensor for small molecule assays. In Chemical Genomics and Proteomics; Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 800; Humana Press, 2011; pp 119-32.
151. Feng, X.; Ju, Y.; Dou, W.; et al. Ferrocene-labelled electroactive aptamer-based sensors (aptasensors) for glycated haemoglobin. Molecules 2021, 26, 7077.
152. Jiang, L.; Liu, N.; Li, D.; et al. A structure-switching electrochemical aptamer sensor for mercury ions based on an ordered assembled gold nanorods-modified electrode. Solid. State. Sci. 2024, 154, 107582.
153. Dalirirad, S.; Han, D.; Steckl, A. J. Aptamer-based lateral flow biosensor for rapid detection of salivary cortisol. ACS. Omega. 2020, 5, 32890-8.
154. Aliakbarinodehi, N.; Jolly, P.; Bhalla, N.; et al. Aptamer-based field-effect biosensor for tenofovir detection. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 44409.
155. Chakraborty, M.; Bera, K. K.; Mandal, M.; et al. Phase-dependent electrocatalytic activities of Pt-anchored rutile, anatase and mixed anatase-rutile TiO2 nano-composites for methanol oxidation in alkali. Solid. State. Sci. 2022, 129, 106903.
156. Luo, Y.; Wu, D.; Li, Z.; et al. Plasma functionalized MoSe2 for efficient nonenzymatic sensing of hydrogen peroxide in ultra-wide pH range. SmartMat 2022, 3, 491-502.
157. Yoo, H.; Jo, H.; Oh, S. S. Detection and beyond: challenges and advances in aptamer-based biosensors. Mater. Adv. 2020, 1, 2663-87.
158. Mollarasouli, F.; Kurbanoglu, S.; Ozkan, S. A. The role of electrochemical immunosensors in clinical analysis. Biosensors 2019, 9, 86.
159. Yang, Y.; Yan, Q.; Liu, Q.; et al. An ultrasensitive sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor based on the signal amplification strategy of echinoidea-shaped Au@Ag-Cu2O nanoparticles for prostate specific antigen detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018, 99, 450-7.
160. Mpofu, K.; Chauke, S.; Thwala, L.; Mthunzi-kufa, P. Aptamers and antibodies in optical biosensing. Discov. Chem. 2025, 2, 23.
161. Ayerdurai, V.; Cieplak, M.; Kutner, W. Molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensors for food contaminants determination. TrAC. -. Trends. Anal. Chem. 2023, 158, 116830.
162. Babamiri, B.; Sadri, R.; Farrokhnia, M.; et al. Molecularly imprinted polymer biosensor based on nitrogen-doped electrochemically exfoliated graphene/Ti3 CNTX MXene nanocomposite for metabolites detection. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 27714-27.
163. Kaur, S.; Singla, P.; Dann, A. J.; et al. Sensitive electrochemical and thermal detection of human noroviruses using molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles generated against a viral target. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 51397-410.
164. Tchekwagep, P. M. S.; Crapnell, R. D.; Banks, C. E.; et al. A critical review on the use of molecular imprinting for trace heavy metal and micropollutant detection. Chemosensors 2022, 10, 296.
165. Wang, L.; Pagett, M.; Zhang, W. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based electrochemical sensors and their recent advances in health applications. Sens. Actuat. Rep. 2023, 5, 100153.
166. Cui, R.; Wang, X.; Zhang, G.; Wang, C. Simultaneous determination of dopamine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid using helical carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Sens. Actuat. B. Chem. 2012, 161, 1139-43.
168. Shao, Y.; Wang, J.; Wu, H.; Liu, J.; Aksay, I.; Lin, Y. Graphene based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: a review. Electroanalysis 2010, 22, 1027-36.
169. Latif, U.; Dickert, F. L.; Blach, R. G.; et al. Biocompatible membranes and coatings for glucose sensor. J. Chem. Soc. Pakistan. 2013, 35. , 17-22. https://jcsp.org.pk/PublishedVersion/2d7da3ed-1060-463f-8c9d-8e4bc7ffad47Manuscript%20no%204,%201st%20Gally%20proof%20of%209099%20_UsmanLATIF_.pdf (accessed 2026-05-11).
170. Lubin, A. A.; Plaxco, K. W. Folding-based electrochemical biosensors: the case for responsive nucleic acid architectures. Acc. Chem. Res. 2010, 43, 496-505.
171. Ogurtsova, K.; Da Rocha Fernandes, J.; Huang, Y.; et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes. Res. Clin. Pract. 2017, 128, 40-50.
172. Aschner, P.; Karuranga, S.; James, S.; et al. The International Diabetes Federation’s guide for diabetes epidemiological studies. Diabetes. Res. Clin. Pract. 2021, 172, 108630.
173. Huang, X.; Liang, B.; Huang, S.; et al. Integrated electronic/fluidic microneedle system for glucose sensing and insulin delivery. Theranostics 2024, 14, 1662-82.
174. Mohamad Nor, N.; Ridhuan, N. S.; Abdul Razak, K. Progress of enzymatic and non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensor based on nanomaterial-modified electrode. Biosensors 2022, 12, 1136.
175. Furukawa, H.; Cordova, K. E.; O’keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. The chemistry and applications of metal-organic frameworks. Science 2013, 341, 1230444.
176. Liu, Y.; Dong, Y.; Guo, C. X.; Cui, Z.; Zheng, L.; Li, C. M. Protein-directed in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for nonenzymatic glucose sensing. Electroanalysis 2012, 24, 2348-53.
177. Dettmer, M.; Holthaus, C. V.; Fuller, B. M. The impact of serial lactate monitoring on emergency department resuscitation interventions and clinical outcomes in severe sepsis and septic shock: an observational cohort study. Shock 2015, 43, 55-61.
178. Chertoff, J.; Chisum, M.; Garcia, B.; Lascano, J. Lactate kinetics in sepsis and septic shock: a review of the literature and rationale for further research. J. Intensive. Care. 2015, 3, 39.
179. Valvona, C. J.; Fillmore, H. L.; Nunn, P. B.; Pilkington, G. J. The regulation and function of lactate dehydrogenase a: therapeutic potential in brain tumor. Brain. Pathol. 2015, 26, 3-17.
180. Semenza, G. L. HIF-1 mediates metabolic responses to intratumoral hypoxia and oncogenic mutations. J. Clin. Investig. 2013, 123, 3664-71.
181. Hui, S.; Ghergurovich, J. M.; Morscher, R. J.; et al. Glucose feeds the TCA cycle via circulating lactate. Nature 2017, 551, 115-8.
182. Freeman, D. M. E.; Ming, D. K.; Wilson, R.; et al. Continuous measurement of lactate concentration in human subjects through direct electron transfer from enzymes to microneedle electrodes. ACS. Sens. 2023, 8, 1639-47.
183. Pundir, C.; Yadav, S.; Kumar, A. Creatinine sensors. TrAC. -. Trends. Anal. Chem. 2013, 50, 42-52.
184. Kashani, K.; Rosner, M. H.; Ostermann, M. Creatinine: from physiology to clinical application. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2020, 72, 9-14.
185. Gao, B.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Z. Preparation and recognition performance of creatinine-imprinted material prepared with novel surface-imprinting technique. J. Chromatogr. B. 2010, 878, 2077-86.
186. Lakshmi, D.; Prasad, B. B.; Sharma, P. S. Creatinine sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer-modified hanging mercury drop electrode. Talanta 2006, 70, 272-80.
187. Zinchenko, O.; Marchenko, S.; Sergeyeva, T.; et al. Application of creatinine-sensitive biosensor for hemodialysis control. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2012, 35, 466-9.
188. Saddique, Z.; Faheem, M.; Habib, A.; Ulhasan, I.; Mujahid, A.; Afzal, A. Electrochemical creatinine (bio)sensors for point-of-care diagnosis of renal malfunction and chronic kidney disorders. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 1737.
189. Mohabbati-kalejahi, E.; Azimirad, V.; Bahrami, M.; Ganbari, A. A review on creatinine measurement techniques. Talanta 2012, 97, 1-8.
190. Nieh, C. H.; Tsujimura, S.; Shirai, O.; Kano, K. Amperometric biosensor based on reductive H2O2 detection using pentacyanoferrate-bound polymer for creatinine determination. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2013, 767, 128-33.
191. Dasgupta, P.; Kumar, V.; Krishnaswamy, P. R.; Bhat, N. Serum creatinine electrochemical biosensor on printed electrodes using monoenzymatic pathway to 1-methylhydantoin detection. ACS. Omega. 2020, 5, 22459-64.
192. Jha, V.; Garcia-garcia, G.; Iseki, K.; et al. Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. The. Lancet. 2013, 382, 260-72.
193. Romagnani, P.; Remuzzi, G.; Glassock, R.; et al. Chronic kidney disease. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 2017, 3, 17088.
194. Schiffrin, E. L.; Lipman, M. L.; Mann, J. F. Chronic kidney disease: effects on the cardiovascular system. Circulation 2007, 116, 85-97.
195. Walker, V. Ammonia toxicity and its prevention in inherited defects of the urea cycle. Diabetes. Obes. Metab. 2009, 11, 823-35.
196. Foschi, F. G. Urea cycle disorders: a case report of a successful treatment with liver transplant and a literature review. World. J. Gastroenterol. 2015, 21, 4063.
197. Rüfenacht, V.; Häberle, J. Mini-review: challenges in newborn screening for urea cycle disorders. IJNS. 2015, 1, 27-35.
198. Prissanaroon-ouajai, W.; Sirivat, A.; Pigram, P. J.; Brack, N. Potentiometric urea biosensor based on a urease-immobilized polypyrrole. Macromol. Symp. 2015, 354, 334-9.
199. Dervisevic, M.; Jara Fornerod, M. J.; Harberts, J.; Zangabad, P. S.; Voelcker, N. H. Wearable microneedle patch for transdermal electrochemical monitoring of urea in interstitial fluid. ACS. Sens. 2024, 9, 932-41.
200. Djuric, Z.; Bird, C. E.; Furumoto-dawson, A.; et al. Biomarkers of psychological stress in health disparities research. Open. Biomark. J. 2008, 1, 7-19.
201. Kelly, J. J.; Mangos, G.; Williamson, P. M.; Whitworth, J. A. Cortisol and hypertension. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1998, 25, S51-6.
202. Iqbal, T.; Simpkin, A. J.; Roshan, D.; et al. Stress monitoring using wearable sensors: a pilot study and stress-predict dataset. Sensors 2022, 22, 8135.
203. Steckl, A. J.; Ray, P. Stress biomarkers in biological fluids and their point-of-use detection. ACS. Sens. 2018, 3, 2025-44.
204. Lamichhane, H. B.; Henares, T. G.; Hackett, M. J.; Arrigan, D. W. M. Structural changes in insulin at a soft electrochemical interface. Anal. Chem. 2021, 93, 9094-102.
205. Soffe, R.; Nock, V.; Chase, J. G. Towards point-of-care insulin detection. ACS. Sens. 2018, 4, 3-19.
206. Schirhagl, R.; Latif, U.; Podlipna, D.; Blumenstock, H.; Dickert, F. L. Natural and biomimetic materials for the detection of insulin. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 3908-13.
207. Reaven, G. M. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988, 37, 1595-607.
208. Monteiro, J. F.; Hahn, S. R.; Gonçalves, J.; Fresco, P. Vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring and population pharmacokinetic models in special patient subpopulations. Pharmacol. Res. Perspect. 2018, 6, e00420.
209. Gaber, A. M.; Emara, H. M.; Allam, N. K. Electrochemical biosensors for vancomycin monitoring in blood: advances, strategies, and future perspectives. RSC. Adv. 2025, 15, 41418-31.
210. Zhang, T.; Yi, J.; Cheng, H.; et al. Revised therapeutic window for vancomycin in pediatric patients: evidence from a retrospective therapeutic drug monitoring study. BMC. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2025, 26, 192.
211. Yun, J. H.; Chang, E.; Bae, S.; et al. Risk factors for vancomycin treatment failure in heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Microbiol. Spectr. 2024, 12, e00333-24.
212. Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Yang, C.; Jiang, J.; Wang, H.; Wu, M. Multiple linear regression model was constructed based on the influencing factors of vancomycin trough concentration. Dose-Response 2025, 23, 15593258251313646.
213. Lin, L.; Lian, H.; Sun, X.; Yu, Y.; Liu, B. An L-dopa electrochemical sensor based on a graphene doped molecularly imprinted chitosan film. Anal. Methods. 2015, 7, 1387-94.
215. Puris, E.; Gynther, M.; Auriola, S.; Huttunen, K. M. L-Type amino acid transporter 1 as a target for drug delivery. Pharm. Res. 2020, 37, 88.
216. Kiss, T.; Katona, G.; Mérai, L.; et al. Development of a hydrophobicity-controlled delivery system containing levodopa methyl ester hydrochloride loaded into a mesoporous silica. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 1039.
217. Senek, M.; Nyholm, D.; Nielsen, E. I. Population pharmacokinetics of levodopa/carbidopa microtablets in healthy subjects and Parkinson’s disease patients. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2018, 74, 1299-307.
219. Jankovic, J.; Tan, E. K. Parkinson’s disease: etiopathogenesis and treatment. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2020, 91, 795-808.
220. Tan, A. H.; Chuah, K. H.; Beh, Y. Y.; Schee, J. P.; Mahadeva, S.; Lim, S. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: neuro-gastroenterology perspectives on a multifaceted problem. JMD. 2023, 16, 138-51.
222. Goud, K. Y.; Moonla, C.; Mishra, R. K.; et al. Wearable electrochemical microneedle sensor for continuous monitoring of levodopa: toward parkinson management. ACS. Sens. 2019, 4, 2196-204.
223. Fang, L.; Ren, H.; Mao, X.; et al. Differential amperometric microneedle biosensor for wearable levodopa monitoring of Parkinson’s disease. Biosensors 2022, 12, 102.
224. Manyanga, V.; Elkady, E.; Hoogmartens, J.; Adams, E. Improved reversed phase liquid chromatographic method with pulsed electrochemical detection for tobramycin in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. J. Pharm. Anal. 2013, 3, 161-7.
225. Arsand, J. B.; Jank, L.; Martins, M. T.; et al. Determination of aminoglycoside residues in milk and muscle based on a simple and fast extraction procedure followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and time of flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2016, 154, 38-45.
226. Lin, S.; Cheng, X.; Zhu, J.; et al. Wearable microneedle-based electrochemical aptamer biosensing for precision dosing of drugs with narrow therapeutic windows. Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, eabq4539.
227. Wei, Y.; Chen, W.; Ma, Y.; et al. Integrated individually addressable microneedle arrays for robust glucose monitoring and on-demand insulin releasing. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 2025, 11, 211.
228. Rivnay, J.; Inal, S.; Salleo, A.; Owens, R. M.; Berggren, M.; Malliaras, G. G. Organic electrochemical transistors. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2018, 3, 17086.
229. Cui, F.; Yue, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhou, H. S. Advancing biosensors with machine learning. ACS. Sens. 2020, 5, 3346-64.
230. Wu, M.; Li, L.; Yu, R.; et al. Tailored diffusion limiting membrane for microneedle glucose sensors with wide linear range. Talanta 2024, 273, 125933.
