Organ-specific bioelectronics for soft tissues

Organ function relies on dynamic electrical and electrochemical signaling that governs processes ranging from cardiac conduction and neural activity to gastrointestinal regulation and endocrine communication. Bioelectronic devices have demonstrated clinical impact in applications such as cardiac pacing, cochlear implants, retinal prostheses, and continuous glucose monitoring. However, when deployed on soft, wet, and continuously moving organs, the long-term stability of the device-tissue interface becomes a key challenge due to mechanical mismatch, biofouling, and degradation in physiological environments. Increasing evidence suggests that universal device architectures are insufficient for reliable long-term operation across organs with distinct mechanical, biochemical, and immunological microenvironments. Organ-specific bioelectronics has therefore emerged as a design paradigm in which materials, device structures, and system architectures are co-optimized according to the deformation modes, chemical conditions, and biological responses of individual tissues. Recent advances include ultracompliant neural interfaces that minimize inflammatory responses, gastrointestinal resident devices capable of operating under strong peristalsis and chemical exposure, stretchable epidermal electronics that seamlessly integrate with skin mechanics, and epicardial or renal surface patches for monitoring visceral organs. This review summarizes recent developments in organ-specific bioelectronics from integrated perspectives of materials, device structures, and biological systems. Key material platforms, fabrication strategies, and representative applications are highlighted, followed by discussion of challenges in long-term biostability, scalable manufacturing, wireless power and data communication, and clinical translation, as well as future opportunities for organ-mimetic electronic interfaces enabling continuous monitoring and therapeutic modulation.