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Figure 1. Epigenetic dysregulation shapes tumor biology. Five major epigenetic layers (DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, non-coding RNAs, and RNA modifications) collectively influence tumor cell state and gene expression. Solid arrows indicate direct contributions to clinical trajectories (e.g., progression, metastasis, and resistance). Gray dashed lines highlight the extensive cross-talk among these layers, illustrating how alterations in one mechanism actively reshape others to drive oncogenesis. miRNA: MicroRNA; lncRNA: long non-coding RNA; circRNA: circular RNA; BAF: BRG-/BRM-associated factor.