fig2

Figure 2. (A) Schematic representation illustrating the mechanism associated with enhanced eutectogel toughness and low-hysteresis, where the hierarchical aggregates self-assemble via quadruple hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking acts as cross-linkers; (B) Stress-strain curves for PMDU_0-4 eutectogels; (C) The Young’s modulus and toughness of PMDU_0-4 eutectogels; (D) Stress-strain curves for PMDN, PMDZ, and PMDU₃ eutectogels; (E) Cyclic tensile testing curves for PMDU₃ eutectogel at different strains; (F) Comparison of the hysteresis values and breaking strength of the PMDU₃ eutectogel and other reported low-hysteresis gels; (G) Cyclic tensile testing curves for PMDU₃ eutectogel at different strain rates; (H) Cyclic loading-unloading curves for PMDZ and PMDU₃ eutectogels over 100 cycles at 200% strain; (I) Expanded view of the last 10 cyclic loading-unloading curves. Note: data are shown as mean ± SD for n = 3 independent samples. PMDU: UPy-crosslinked poly (methacrylic acid-co-DMAPS) network; PMDN: covalently crosslinked poly (methacrylic acid-co-DMAPS) network; PMDZ: Zr⁴⁺-coordinated poly (methacrylic acid-co-DMAPS) network; SD: standard deviation; PHEA: poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate); HEA: 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate; AA: acrylic acid; HEAA: 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate; BA: butyl acrylate; AM: acrylamide; APBA: 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid; VSNP: vanadium sesquioxide nanosheets; THMA: 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxybenzaldehyde methacrylate; AN: acrylonitrile; OTA: oxalic acid; PVDF: polyvinylidene fluoride; LA: lactic acid; HMA: hydroxymethyl acrylate; [EMIES]: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate; PBA: poly(butyl acrylate); PEG: polyethylene glycol; BDB: 1,4-butanediol; PAA: poly(acrylic acid); HPC: hydroxypropyl cellulose; EG: ethylene glycol; PVA: poly(vinyl alcohol); TPAL: tripropylene glycol monoacrylate; IL: ionic liquid; PSBMA: poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate); EA: ethyl acrylate; PR: phenolic resin; [BMIM][TFSI]: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide; PEO: poly(ethylene oxide); LiTFSI: lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide; ITEG: isotetraglyme; LSN: layered double hydroxide.